Spatial Analysis of Urban Expansion on Ecologically Sensitive Areas in Lagos Nigeria

Abstract

Urban expansion in Lagos, particularly in Eti-Osa, has intensified in recent decades, often encroaching on ecologically sensitive areas such as wetlands, mangroves, and coastal zones. This study applies spatial analytical tools—particularly Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing—to evaluate the extent and pattern of land cover change from natural ecosystems to built-up areas. Using a mixed-method approach that combines field surveys, spatial analysis, and stakeholder perspectives, the study evaluates the socio-economic characteristics of residents, their awareness of environmental issues, the drivers of ESA encroachment, and the resulting ecological impacts. Findings reveal that a majority of residents are middle-aged, well-educated, and economically stable, with a high level of awareness about the presence of ESAs, particularly wetlands. The research identifies hotspots of ecological disturbance, assesses the environmental implications, and recommends strategies for sustainable urban development that align with ecological preservation. However, land acquisition in the area is overwhelmingly dominated by private estate developers (80%), often at the expense of environmental sustainability. Key drivers of ESA encroachment include demographic and economic pressures, inadequate urban planning policies, and weak environmental governance. The most severe impacts identified are biodiversity loss, farmland depletion, and the degradation of ecosystem services, all of which pose long-term threats to ecological and human well-being. The study concludes by recommending integrated policy interventions that emphasize environmental governance, inclusive urban planning, protection and restoration of ESAs, and public awareness campaigns. These measures are critical to mitigating the negative consequences of unchecked urban growth and ensuring sustainable land use in Eti-Osa and similar urban environments.