Seismic Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Beam–Column Joints Using HP-HFRC and Wire-Mesh Confinement: A Review

Abstract

Reinforced concrete beam–column joints are critical regions in framed structures because they transfer bending moments, shear forces and axial loads between adjoining members. In older buildings, inadequate transverse reinforcement, poor anchorage and insufficient confinement frequently produce brittle joint shear failure during earthquakes. This review examines the development of retrofitting strategies for deficient beam–column joints, with particular emphasis on High-Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (HPFRC), High-Performance Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Concrete (HP-HFRC) and wire-mesh-confined HP-HFRC. Earlier studies on reinforced concrete and steel jacketing established the value of confinement but also revealed construction and dimensional limitations. Fibre-reinforced polymer systems subsequently offered a high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance; however, their performance depended strongly on fibre type, orientation, anchorage and resistance to premature debonding. Research on HPFRC jackets demonstrated major improvements in ductility, energy absorption, crack control and relocation of plastic hinges away from the joint core. Hybrid systems combining steel and polypropylene fibres provided superior control of both macro- and micro-cracks, leading to improved cyclic stability and reduced stiffness degradation. The reviewed evidence indicates that embedding galvanized wire mesh within HP-HFRC can further enhance confinement, restrict spalling and maintain jacket integrity. Nevertheless, standardized design guidance, long-term durability evidence and full-scale validation remain necessary before widespread field application.