Journal of Advances in Experimental Therapeutics and Neurotherapeutics
Focus and Scope Drug Designing Management Computational Chemistry Cheminformatics Pharmaco-genomics Bioinformatics Experimental Therapeutics Therapeutics Neurotherapeutics
A Review from Code to Cure-Crispr/Cas9 in Modern Therapeutics
Clustered frequently interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene-editing skill is a promising future tool for giving diseases by efficiently and precisely stopping genes that cause diseases or permanently correcting harmful base mutations. CRISPR-Cas9 represents a ground breaking and highly effective genome editing technology that allows for exact and targeted alterations of DNA sequences within living organisms. Originating from a natural defence mechanism utilized by bacteria, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has gained immense popularity in molecular biology because of its user-friendly nature, programmability, and versatility. The introduction of CRISPR-Cas9 technology signifies a remarkable advancement in gene editing, providing a highly effective, cost-efficient, and programmable method for precise genomic alterations. In contrast to previous genome editing tools like zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), CRISPR-Cas9 is distinguished by its straightforward design and capacity to target nearly any genomic site with high accuracy. This system permits the creation of targeted double-stranded breaks at specified DNA locations, enabling gene knockout, correction of harmful mutations, or the insertion of therapeutic genes through the body's inherent DNA repair mechanisms. Its potential applications are vast, encompassing disease modelling, functional genomics, therapeutic gene modification, and enhancements in agricultural traits.
Quercetin as Neuroprotective Agent: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lead to ongoing loss of neurons, cognitive decreased, movement problem, oxidative stress, and long-term inflammation in the brain. The increasing global impact of these diseases calls for effective prevention and treatment Quercetin is a natural flavonoid found in many fruits and vegetables, has shown potential as a neuroprotective because of its biological effects. It summarizes the pharmacological role , production, metabolism, and protective role of quercetin in relation to neurodegenerative diseases. Research from both in- vitro and in-vivo studies shows that quercetin has strong antioxidant effects. It works by decreasing reactive oxygen species, binding to metal ions, and boosting natural antioxidant enzymes,and oxidative stress. Quercetin also enhance neuroinflammation by blocking NF-by, MAPK, and STAT3 signaling, decreased microglial activation, and promote anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10. It impacts the buildup of harmful proteins, such as amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein increases breakdown via the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. Quercetin helps neurons survive by encouraging new nerve cell growth, increasing neurotrophic factors.
RESILIENCE IN AGING: A CONCEPT ANALYSIS TO ENHANCE GERONTOLOGICAL NURSING PRACTICE
Background: Resilience in aging is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of older adults’ ability to adapt to health stressors, maintain functional independence, and achieve successful aging. Despite its relevance, conceptual ambiguity limits its systematic application in gerontological nursing practice. Objective: To clarify the concept of resilience in aging by identifying its defining attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents relevant to gerontological nursing practice. Method: Walker and Avant’s eight-step concept analysis approach was used. A focused literature search was conducted across health and nursing databases, synthesizing empirical studies, reviews, and prior concept analyses related to resilience in older adults. Data were extracted to examine defining attributes, antecedents, consequences, and measurable indicators of resilience.
Development and formulation of Peppermint Oil Balm for the Management of Migraine
Migraine is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of severe headache, often accompanied by nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia, significantly impacting quality of life. Conventional pharmacological therapies, although effective, are frequently associated with adverse effects and limitations in long-term use. This has led to growing interest in alternative and complementary therapies derived from natural products. Peppermint oil, known for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and cooling properties, has emerged as a promising candidate for topical migraine management. The present study focuses on the development and formulation of a peppermint oil-based balm intended for the effective and safe management of migraine symptoms. The formulation process involved selecting suitable excipients to ensure optimal consistency, stability, and skin permeability of the balm. Peppermint oil was incorporated at an appropriate concentration to maximize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing the risk of irritation. The prepared balm was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters, including appearance, homogeneity, spreadability, pH, and stability under different storage conditions. In addition, the formulation was assessed for its potential analgesic effect through preclinical or user-based evaluations, emphasizing its ability to provide rapid relief from headache when applied topically to the forehead and temples. The cooling sensation produced by menthol, the major active constituent of peppermint oil, plays a key role in alleviating migraine symptoms by improving blood flow and reducing muscle tension. Overall, the developed peppermint oil balm represents a natural, cost-effective, and patient-friendly approach for migraine management, with potential for further clinical validation and commercialization.
Migraine attacks for longer periods of time. Ten to twelve percent of people have this persistent neurological condition. On contrasting men and women Compared to males, women experience headaches more frequently, more intensely, and for longer periods of time. The hypothalamic hypophyseal-ovarian axis controls the release of progesterone and estrogen in women's reproductive cycles. Pregnancy, puerperium, menopause, and the menstrual cycle are all governed and controlled by changes in these hormone levels. There are two stages to this: the luteal or ovulatory phase and the follicular or proliferative phase. Aura-free migraine and aura-accompanied migraine are the two main forms of migraine. About 12–15% of people worldwide suffer from migraines, a widespread and incapacitating neurological condition that is two to three times more common in women than in men. In addition to being more likely to suffer from psychiatric comorbidities such anxiety and depression, women also have migraines more frequently, with higher intensity and longer duration. The pathophysiology of migraines is significantly influenced by estrogen, and the loss of estrogen prior to menstruation is a prominent cause. In migraine-related brain areas, estrogen affects gene expression, neuronal excitability, and pain regulation through the receptors ERα, ERβ, and GPER. Migraines are more common, more severe, and associated with comorbid conditions including anxiety and depression in women and menopause. The pathophysiology of migraines is significantly impacted by these hormonal shifts. Up to 20% of people suffer from migraines, which are more common in women. They are characterized by unilateral, pulsing pain that is frequently accompanied by phonophobia, photophobia, and nausea. Vasoactive peptides such nitric oxide, PACAP, and CGRP are among the neurological and vascular pathways involved in the pathophysiology. The decrease in estrogen during the late luteal phase is closely associated with menstrual migraines, which can result in more frequent and severe attacks.
Review on Neuropharmacy and Cognitive Enhancer
In the modern era of constant stress and competitive lifestyles, the prevalence of neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders has increased substantially, emphasizing the urgent need for neuroprotective and cognition-enhancing agents. Neuropharmacology explores the interaction between drugs and the nervous system to develop therapies that improve neuronal communication, memory, and learning. Cognitive enhancers, or nootropics, represent a diverse group of compounds capable of enhancing mental performance, learning, attention, and memory. These may act through neurotransmitter modulation, neuroprotection, or improvement in cerebral metabolism and blood flow. The review comprehensively discusses natural and synthetic nootropics, their pharmacological mechanisms, therapeutic indications, and comparative advantages. Natural agents such as Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi), Ginkgo biloba, Huperzia serrata, and Celastrus paniculatus demonstrate promising neuroprotective and antioxidant effects with lower toxicity, whereas synthetic compounds like piracetam, memantine, and D-cycloserine act through neurotransmitter systems such as cholinergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic pathways. The review also highlights ethical, legal, and safety considerations associated with the non-medical use of cognitive enhancers. With ongoing advancements in neuropharmacology, future therapeutic strategies—including gene targeting, stem cell therapy, and neurotrophic factor modulation—offer hope for managing cognitive decline. Collectively, neuropharmacy bridges the gap between pharmacological research and the quest for improved cognitive well-being, underscoring the importance of safe and rational use of both natural and synthetic nootropics.[90]